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Item Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Green Infrastructure along the Urban-Rural Gradient of the Cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa and Lubumbashi(Land, 13, 1467., 2024) Kabanyegeye, Henri; Et al.This study analyses the dynamics of green infrastructure (GI) in the cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa, and Lubumbashi. A remote sensing approach, combined with landscape ecology metrics, characterized this analysis, which was based on three Landsat images acquired in 2000, 2013, and 2022 for each city. Spatial pattern indices reveal that GI was suppressed in Bujumbura and Kinshasa, in contrast to Lubumbashi, which exhibited fragmentation. Furthermore, the values of stability, aggregation, and fractal dimension metrics suggest that Bujumbura experienced rather intense dynamics and a reduction in the continuity of its GI, while Kinshasa showed weaker dynamics and tendencies towards patch aggregation during the study period. In contrast, Lubumbashi exhibited strong dynamics and aggregation of its GI within a context of significant anthropization. The evolution of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index demonstrates a sawtooth pattern in the evolution of tall vegetation patches in Bujumbura, compared to a gradual decrease in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. It is recommended that urban growth in these cities should be carefully planned to ensure the integration of sufficient GI.Item Analysis of Anthropogenic Disturbances of Green Spaces along an Urban–Rural Gradient of the City of Bujumbura (Burundi)(Land, 2023) Kabanyegeye, Henri; Et al.Bujumbura city has diversified but unevenly distributed green spaces. The typology and anthropogenic disturbances of these green spaces are still unknown. This study presents a typology of green spaces along the urban–rural gradient through a literature review. It assesses the presence of anthropogenic disturbances through inventories in 100m 100mgrids. Data reveal that Bujumbura’s green spaces are made up of green squares concentrated exclusively in urban areas, cemeteries present in peri-urban areas and sports green spaces observable all along the urbanization gradient. These green spaces are more exposed to trampling, which is more present in administrative entities with a peri-urban morphological status, as opposed to various constructions in administrative entities with an urban status. Finally, significative pairwise associations of anthropogenic disturbances were observed. The results show the need to protect these green spaces from all kinds of anthropogenic disturbances by raising the eco-responsible awareness of the population and the municipal authorities.Item Status of Land and Natural Resources Administration in Burundi: an overview(JLAEA Vol 3 Issue 2, 2015) Masharabu, Tatien; Et al.In the framework of collaboration for country based case studies on land and natural resource tenure security in Eastern and Southern Africa by the University of Nairobi/ Centre for Urban Research and Innovation, a case study was conducted in Burundi. Data collection was based mainly on literature review of legal texts and all studies realized in the area of land tenure and natural resources in Burundi, and field visits. This paper presents only the synthesis of the information and data collected on land, water, mines and forests. The results include mainly their distribution, legal framework and administration. The diversity of actors and institutions intervening in the management and administration of the land and natural resources in Burundi is challenging. In such way, existing education programmes related to land are involving many Departments and Faculties of the main University (University of Burundi). I the aim of human and institutional capacities building, it is therefore important to set up a specific teaching/training and research programme dedicated to the land administration.Item Perception sur les espaces verts et leurs services écosystémiques par les acteurs locaux de la ville de Bujumbura (République du Burundi)(Tropicultura 2295-8010 volume 38, 2020) Kabanyegeye, Henri; Et al.La prise de conscience de l’importance des espaces verts et des services écosystémiques qu’ils rendent est primordiale pour tout programme de leur protection en milieu urbain. Pour cette raison, la perception des espaces verts des communes de la ville de Bujumbura (Muha, Mukaza et Ntahangwa) au Burundi et de leurs services écosystémiques par les acteurs locaux à partir d’une enquête en ligne et semi-dirigée a été appréciée. Les résultats révèlent que, les espaces verts de la ville de Bujumbura sont concentrés dans la commune de Mukaza et suggèrent une répartition inégale. En outre, quelle que soit l’enquête, les terrains de jeux constituent le type d’espaces verts dominants à Bujumbura. Plus de 80 % des espaces verts sont qualifiés de publics et pour ceux qui sont privés, les acteurs ne sont pas unanimes au coût d’accessibilité. La qualité de leurs gestion et entretien est moyenne à Mukaza et faible dans d’autres communes de la ville. Les enquêtés perçoivent que les espaces verts offrent potentiellement la possibilité de loisir et du bien-être physique et psychologique comme services écosystémiques dominants. Des mesures de préservation d’espaces verts existants et ceux de création dans les parties de la ville en extension s’imposent.Item Diversité floristique et statut de conservation des espaces verts de la ville de Bujumbura (Burundi) = Floristic diversity and conservation status of species in green spaces in the city of Bujumbura (Burundi)(Geo-Eco-Trop, 46, 1: 15-28, 2022) Kabanyegeye, Henri; Et al.The alteration of green spaces resulting from the urbanization process has always attracted the curiosity of researchers. It is in this perspective that this study focused on the knowledge of the characteristic flora of green spaces in the city of Bujumbura (Burundi). The results revealed that it consists of 127 species belonging to 109 genera and 53 families. The families of the Euphorbiaceae (7.1%), of the Fabaceae (7.1%), of the Arecaceae (6.3%), of the Poaceae (5.5%), of the Araceae (3.9%) and of the Malvaceae (3.9%) are the most represented and add up, at them only, more than one third (33.9%) of the total number of species listed. They are essentially dominated by introduced species at a level of 74.0%. Two species (Lantana camara and Spathodea campanulata) are qualified as invasive. It is necessary to take measures to conserve urban biodiversity in order to avoid the homogenization of urban vegetation to the benefit of introduced species.Item Trente-trois ans de dynamique spatiale de l’occupation du sol de la ville de Bujumbura, République du Burundi(Afrique SCIENCE, 2021) Kabanyegeye, Henri; Et al.Cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser la dynamique spatio-temporelle du phénomène d’urbanisation de la ville de Bujumbura. Nous avons effectué cette analyse, à partir de six images Landsat acquises entre 1986 et 2019, par l’approche cartographique couplée aux outils de l’écologie du paysage. Les résultats révèlent qu’au cours des trois dernières décennies, la proportion de la superficie du bâti a quadruplé au détriment notamment de la végétation dont la proportion est réduite de moitié. La dynamique paysagère observée résulte d’une anthropisation illustrée par la dissection de la végétation, par opposition à la création des taches du bâti. Le sol nu a connu une relative stabilité dans le paysage étudié. Ces transformations spatiales du paysage urbain de Bujumbura compromettent la durabilité des services écosystémiques fournis par les espaces verts.Item Appui à la redynamisation du secteur forestier et agroforestier du Burundi(Cirad, 2006) Besse, François et al.Le Burundi sort d'une situation de crise qui a duré plusieurs années et n'a pas ète sans conséquences pour le pays, ses habitants et ses ressources. Le ministère de l'aménagement du territoire, du tourisme et de l'environnement a sollicité le Cirad pour, dans le cadre de la relance du secteur forestier du Burundi, renforcer sa collaboration avec le CIRAD, l'UICN et le CIFOR, contribuer à l'identification des besoins pour la finalisation et la mise en oeuvre de la politique forestière en définissant les axes prioritaires d'intervention dans la gestion des ressources forestières et agroforestières et en renforçant la formation des agents et les filières bois et contribuer à la formulation de projets. Les échanges avec les services de l'État concernés, les institutions internationales, ainsi que les bailleurs de fonds ont permis de préciser les contextes politique et socio-économique, mais également agricole et environnemental reconnus par ces partenaires. L'analyse des programmes et projets de développement rural et environnementaux en cours ou engagés, ont permis de dégager les axes d'interventions principaux dans ces domaines : lutte contre la pauvreté, relance du secteur agricole, stratégie de coopération de l'Union européenne, réintégration des populations déplacées et réhabilitation des terres. Le Cadre stratégique de croissance et de lutte contre la pauvreté constitue le document de référence pour la politique agricole, environnementale et de développement rural pour le Burundi. Plusieurs tournées sur le terrain ont ete organisées par le m1n1stere, dans des zones de forêt naturelle (Parc de la Kibira) et de plantations forestières (Bukinanyana, Gakara, Vyanda). Des échanges avec des élus locaux ont permis de compléter les informations recueillies à Bujumbura sur la décentralisation et le rôle des autorités locales. La forêt de la Kibira a subi des dommages importants, mais les plantations ont été relativement peu affectées par les événements des dernières années. Les travaux sylvicoles n'ont pu être effectués et le volume de bois sur pied est important, voire très important. Les zones agricoles sont très sollicitées et l'occupation des sols dense. La pression démographique reste forte et l'espace disponible se restreint ; les pratiques d'élevage devront subir une évolution qui semble inéluctable. Des actions sont à mener à très court terme par le ministère. Le texte actuel de la Stratégie Nationale de lutte Contre la Pauvreté élude l'importance du bois énergie et des produits forestiers non ligneux. Il conviendrait de faire des propositions d'enrichissement du CSLP qui prennent également en compte les aspects aménagement du territoire et productions forestières, qui s'inscrivent dans la démarche de décentralisation engagée, et d'organiser un atelier de travail avec toutes les parties prenantes pour s'accorder sur une stratégie de mise en oeuvre de la politique forestière et définir les rôles, responsabilités et moyens pour chaque niveau institutionnel. La politique de décentralisation et la loi communale offrent un cadre institutionnel propice à la gestion des ressources forestières et environnementales. Les produits d'exploitation des plantations peuvent constituer un élément moteur pour l'autonomie financière des communes, tout en assurant aux services forestiers les moyens de développer une gestion des ressources forestières en partenariat avec les institutions et les populations locales. Des propositions de projets concrétisent ces recommandations.Item Adaptation, croissance et production des espèces agroforestières au Burundi : résultats préliminaires(Cirad, 1990) Kaboneka, S et al.Item L'agroforesterie au Burundi(Cirad, 1991) Besse, F.; Guizol, Ph.; De ligne, AnneItem Regard critique sur les impacts socio-économiques et écologiques des peuplements d’eucalyptus au Burundi(Cirad, 2023) Nduwimana, André et al.La forte adoption de l’eucalyptus dans le reboisement et son expansion rapide dans des parcelles villageoises au Burundi font l’objet de fortes critiques et les décisions politiques, bien que contestées, risquent de saper les efforts de reboisement pour un pays dont le paysage naturel ne subsiste qu’au sein des aires protégées. L’objectif de l’étude est de démontrer que le genre Eucalyptus est fortement apprécié par les populations burundaises comme essence de production de bois et que son succès socio-économique est un élément à ne pas sous-estimer dans les programmes de reboisement et de gestion de l’environnement. La méthodologie a consisté en une collecte de données de terrain sur l’importance de l’eucalyptus au Burundi, ceci en estimant la fréquence de ses produits dans les principaux points de vente des produits ligneux à Bujumbura et des plants produits par les projets et programmes ayant le volet reboisement dans leurs attributions. Les résultats montrent que, malgré de potentiels effets environnementaux, l’eucalyptus est de loin l’essence préférée et adoptée au Burundi comme essence de reboisement. Il domine en effet les plants produits pour le reboisement et les produits vendus. Il est prisé par les populations locales pour son apport en termes de revenu et pour ses multiples utilisations, de sorte que l’image négative qu’on a tendance à lui attacher relève alors de fausses attentes et de mauvaises pratiques (conduite des peuplements et traitements du sol, durée de rotation, etc.). Les données de cette étude clarifient des informations relevant de polémiques, et contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des plantations d’eucalyptus et d’espèces exotiques, ceci au service d’une meilleure gestion.Item Aménagement du territoire et impacts sur la gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers en Afrique centrale(CIRAD, 2024) Guizol, Philippe et al.L’aménagement du territoire (AT), en général, est une politique qui tend à organiser les activités humaines sur un espace géographique défini, basé sur un objectif à long terme. Cette politique a pour but de renforcer la cohésion sociale de cet espace à différentes échelles. L’organisation du territoire définit à une échelle plus fine des zones, des sous-territoires et y affecte pour chacun des objectifs en cohérence avec l’objectif global de long terme de l’AT.Item La restauration des paysages forestiers (RPF) en Afrique centrale(CIRAD, 2024) Guizol, Philippe et al.L’objectif de ce chapitre est de faire le bilan de la restauration des paysages et des forêts en Afrique centrale. Nous commençons par clarifier dans la première partie le concept de restauration des paysages. Nous présentons ensuite dans la deuxième partie quelques cas qui illustrent l’état de la RPF en Afrique centrale. Enfin dans la troisième partie, nous abordons la question de sa gouvernance avant de conclure.Item Whole Body Computed Tomography Scan of the Polytrauma Patient at Kira Hospital in Bujumbura: About 17 Cases(OMICS J Radiol, an open access journal, 2023) Manirakiza, S; Mbonicura, JC; Murekatete, C; Niyondiko, JC; Barasukana, P, et al.Aim: To determine the epidemiological and tomodensitometric aspects of multiple trauma patients who have benefited from a whole body CT scan at Kira Hospital in Bujumbura. Patients and methods: This is a descriptive retrospective study focusing on patients who underwent a whole-body CT scan for multiple traumas over a 20-month period from January 2016 to August 2017. The analysis focused on the following data: age, sex, multiple trauma circumstances, whole body scan protocol and CT results. Results: This study involved 17 patients including 13 men (76.47%) and 4 women (23.53%), aged between 18 and 82 years. Their average age was 43.7 years. A road traffic accident was the main cause of multiple traumas (82,35%). During the whole body CT scan, traumatic lesions were found in 94.1% of patients. The most affected region was the thorax with 64.7% of cases, with a predominance of pleural lesions (52.94%). Abdomino-pelvic lesions were discovered in 47.1% of cases and intraperitoneal effusions represented 29.41% of cases. In the cranioencephalic stage, lesions were found in 29.41% of patients with a predominance of bone lesions (29.41%). Cervical lesions were less represented with a single case (5.88%). Conclusion: A polytrauma patient presents with lesional polymorphism, with lesions predominantly on the thoracic level. The whole body computed tomography examination takes pride of place in establishing a complete and exhaustive lesion assessment.Item Unilateral Femoral Neck Fracture after Epileptic Seizure in Young Patient: A Case Report(Open Journal of Orthopedics, 2020) Niyondiko, J. C. et al.Femoral neck fracture occurring after an epileptic seizure is a rare and underdiagnosed injury. The majority of the reported cases in literature are old patients with osteoporosis. Younger patients present several risk factors of osteopenia and the treatment remains controversial. We present an outcome of a 23 years old patient with unilateral femoral neck fracture occurring during an epileptic seizure and we discuss the associated multiple risk factors of osteopenia and osteonecrosis of the hip. The patient was brought to the emergency department of Teaching Hospital of Kamenge (CHUK) complaining of pain in his left hip that had been progressing for one month after an epileptic seizure. There is a history of HIV infection since birth and epileptic seizures with ongoing treatments for both diseases. Despite the high risk of avascular necrosis, the treatment choice has been influenced by the patient’s age and a conservative surgery by internal fixation with Dynamic Hip Screw has been made. Unfortunately, this treatment early resulted in osteonecrosis of the hip since HIV infection itself and the highly active anti-retroviral therapy increase its risk.Item Treatment of Fracture Dislocation of the Femoral Head in a Resource Limited Country (Burundi)(Open Journal of Orthopedics, 2020) Ndayizeye, G. et al.Introduction: Fractures of the femoral head are rare injuries which generally follow a traumatic dislocation of the hip or in a poly-trauma scenario. A fracture dislocation of the femoral head is an orthopedic emergency. The most frequent complications after a fracture of the femoral head are osteonecrosis, post traumatic arthritis and heterotopic ossification. Objective: To focus on the therapeutic aspect of fracture-dislocations of femoral head and their short- and long-term prognoses. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at Kamenge teaching hospital and Rohero Christian medical and surgical clinic from January 2013 to August 2020. All patients diagnosed with fracture-dislocations of the femoral head were included in this study. Results: Five patients were admitted for fracture dislocation of the femoral head. The mean age was 40.4 years and varied between 25 and 55 years. The dashboard injury was the most common mechanism and was found in four patients (80%). A standard x-ray was performed for the five patients as well as CT scans in two cases. All patients had posterior iliac dislocations with fractures of the femoral head classified as Pipkin I in three patients and Pipkin III in two patients. Closed reduction under general anesthesia within six hours was possible in one among the five patients and within 12 hours in two patients. These three cases were managed with open reduction showed fracture union without avascular necrosis, posttraumatic arthritis or heterotopic ossification. The functional results for the five patients with an average follow up of four years were very good (3/5) and good (2/5). Conclusion: The diagnosis of fracture dislocations of the femoral head was based on clinical, radiographic and computed tomography criteria. Early reduction and internal fixation can restore the natural anatomy of the hip joint, especially in young adults with a good long-term prognosis. Sometimes total hip replacement is necessary for management of fracture dislocations of the femoral head.Item Informal Sector Workers’ Perceptions of Health Insurance Coverage in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo(Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2024) Kushombere, P. B. et al.The DRC has recently embarked on an unprecedented social protection drive, to establish a degree of equity in access to basic social services through the implementation of Universal Health Coverage, which is still in its infancy. The country’s authorities have made this social protection program a priority since their main concern is to remove financial barriers to access to quality health care. The study therefore sought to find out how workers in the informal sector perceive this program. This study is a result of Observation, Guided discussion groups, In-depth individual interview and Recruitment or selection criteria for focus groups. It aims to assess the perceptions of informal sector workers regarding health insurance coverage in the province of South Kivu in the DRC. Interviews with workers in the informal sector, both in urban and rural areas, show that they are very attached to the universalization of the social protection system: “Everyone would like to be able to benefit from health insurance”. These same people declare that those who almost died for lack of means to seek treatment had to sell part of their fields for those living in rural areas, and those living in urban areas had to sell an object of value to pay for treatment. In South Kivu in particular, and DR. Congo in general, despite the exposure of informal sector workers to risk and income insecurity, 97% of informal sector workers are not covered by health insurance. This lack of health insurance coverage is a major factor in social exclusion and poverty. These informal sector workers add that several reasons or factors exclude them from health insurance coverage: low and irregular income to pay social contributions to the social security service and/or insufficient means to join the social protection service (health insurance); lack of willpower as they are demotivated by the management of these organizations; the very long duration of the contributions required and finally the lack of political will on the part of the country’s political players, good governance. Health insurance in the DRC must take into account the fact that, in the face of profound changes in society (war, aging, chronic illness, etc.) and the world of work, health insurance and the occupational risks branch must act to continue to protect every insured person. A driving role at the heart of the healthcare system, in synergy with all the players involved. We must also take into account the three fundamental principles of equal access to care, quality of care, and solidarity, to guarantee universal access to care.Item Fatal Cranio-Encephalic Trauma in Bujumbura: Epidemiological, Clinical and Computed Tomography Aspects(Open Journal of Medical Imaging, 2024) Manirakiza, S. et al.Background: Traumatic brain injuries are a major cause of death and mortality in young adults. Computed tomography allows for a lesion assessment to establish the prognosis in case of good management. This study aims to elucidate the epidemiological, clinical, and computed tomographic characteristics of patients who succumbed to traumatic brain injuries. Patients and method: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted over a 16-month period from August 2021 to December 2022 at the Teaching Hospital of Kamenge, Kamenge Military Hospital, Kira Hospital and Tanganyika Care Polyclinic. We included patients who died because of cranioencephalic trauma, regardless of whether they underwent a CT scan. A total of 58 patients met our inclusion criteria. The parameters analyzed included epidemiological data, clinical characteristics, and cranioencephalic CT findings. Results: During the period, 266 patients were admitted to intensive care with traumatic brain injuries. Among these, 63 patients (27.87%) died. The mean age of the patients was 37.36 years (± 16.33), with men comprising 89.66% of the cases. Road traffic accidents accounted for 46 cases (79.31%). Upon admission to intensive care, 39 patients (67.24%) exhibited impaired consciousness, unilateral mydriasis was observed in 26 patients (44.83%), and intracranial hypertension 33 patients, predominantly located in the left hemisphere (51.51%) and primarily affecting the frontal lobe (51.51%). Hemorrhagic contusions were noted in 26 patients (78.78%). Notably, 70.69% of deaths occurred within three days of hospitalization. Conclusion: Cranioencephalic trauma primarily affects young males. CT scans provide a comprehensive assessment of these injuries. Most fatalities occur within the first 72 hours of hospitalization. was noted in 20 patients (34.48%). The Glasgow Coma Scale score was recorded for 40 patients (68.9%), of whom 37 (92.5%) had a score of 8 or lower, with a mean score of 6.15 (± 2.14). CT scans were prescribed for 57 patients (98.28%), with 33 patients (57.89%) undergoing the procedure. Skull fractures were identified in 20 patients (60.61%), while brain lesions were present in allItem Aloe and its Effects on Cancer : A Narrative Literature Review(East African Health Research Journal | Volume 5, 2021) Manirakiza, Astère; Irakoze, Laurent; Manirakiza, SebastienMany years ago, Aloe Vera was cited to have a lot of therapeutic properties including; anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin protection, wound healing, and regulation of blood glucose and cholesterol. However, Aloe could present some side effects. This review focused on the latest discoveries regarding the therapeutic role of Aloe plant or its compounds on the acquired biological capabilities for tumour growth and progression namely; evading growth suppressor, avoiding immune destruction, enabling replicative immortality, tumour promoting inflammation, activating invasion and metastasis, inducing angiogenesis, genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, deregulating cellular energetics and sustaining proliferating signalling. It clarified the anti-cancer activities it exerts on different types of cancer and also highlighted some pro-oncogenic pathways that can be disrupted by different compounds of Aloe.Item Assessment of Knowledges, Attitudes, and Practices of Health Personnel with Regard to Hypertension During Pregnancy in Hospitals of Bujumbura(Indian Journal of Clinical Cardiology, 2021) Ndirahisha et al.Objective: To assess knowledges, attitudes, and practices of health personnel in Bujumbura hospitals with regard to hypertension during pregnancy. Methodology: This study has been conducted on health personnel of gynecology and obstetrics department of three national referral hospitals in Bujumbura. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Data were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by Epi Info 7.2. Results: In a total of ninety-seven health workers participated in our study and 78.3% were paramedics with 53.6% of nurses and 24.7% of midwives. Medical doctors represented 21.6% of the participants. The sex ratio was 1.4 in favor of women. The professional experience was more than 5 years for 64.9% of participants. Concerning knowledge about hypertension; 74.2% of participants correctly defined hypertension during pregnancy. Despite this, only 48.4% respected conditions about its measurement. concerning attitude toword hypertension; 94.8% of participants informed their patients about the risks linked to hypertension in pregnancy before any therapeutic strategy. The antihypertensive drugs contraindicated during pregnancy were known by 54.6% of participants. To prevent preeclampsia, low doses of aspirin and calcium were prescribed by 42.2% of participants. Conclusion: Hypertension during pregnancy is a worrying situation for health personnel, which still has many theoretical and practical gaps
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