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Item Impacts de la jacinthe d’eau eichhornia crassipes sur les paramètres physico-chimiques et la diversité piscicole dans le littoral NORD-EST DU LAC TANGANYIKA(UB, FS, 2025-04) NIGARURA, Ariel; Sous la direction de : Professeur Claver SibomanaLake Tanganyika is an ancient ecosystem with very high biodiversity and great importance for the populations and bordering countries. The greatest biodiversity is found in the littoral zone. However, this lake is subject to threats that can lead to the loss of its biodiversity, including fish, and the degradation of water quality. The presence of water hyacinth, an invasive plant, in the littoral zone, constitutes a threat because it can reduce primary production and oxygen levels by reducing the brightness in the water. This invasive plant is highly present in the littoral zone of Bujumbura Bay, around the mouths of the Ntahangwa and Kinyankonge rivers, making this part of the lake vulnerable. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the impact of the water hyacinth invasion on fish diversity and water quality in this area. Four sampling sites were selected at the mouths of the Kinyankonge and Ntahangwa rivers based on the presence or absence of water hyacinth. Collection lasted 4 months and covered two seasons. Shannon diversity, Piélou evenness, and Jaccard similarity indices were measured to estimate fish biodiversity. Fish data were collected by gillnet fishing and survey while physicochemical parameters were measured in situ and by laboratory analysis. A total of 53 species divided into 9 families were identified, of which the Cichlid family with 44 species (85% of the total species) was predominant. The values of the diversity indices show that biodiversity is high at sites with water hyacinth. Furthermore, the Jaccard index indicates a great similarity between the sites invaded by water hyacinth at the mouths of the two rivers. The results of the survey show that some species that were fished before the colonization by water hyacinth are no longer present in the fishermen's catches, including Mastacembellus cunningtoni and Astatotilapia burtonii while others that were previously absent are currently fished like Clarias gariepinus, Protopterus aethiopicus and Simochromis diagramma. The results on physicochemical parameters show that pH, electrical conductivity, TDS and phosphates are higher at sites colonized by hyacinth during the dry season. However, the values of nitrites, oxygen concentration, dissolved oxygen, ammonium and BOD5 do not vary according to the presence of water hyacinth or seasonal variation. The presence of water hyacinth in the lake Tanganyika would have led to the disappearance of some fish species and the establishment of others. It also has an influence on the quality of physicochemical parameters. The results of this study should help policymakers and institutions responsible for environmental protection to take the necessary measures to control the proliferation of water hyacinth to limit the disruption of Lake Tanganyika.Item Déterminants de la malnutrition aiguë sévère chez les enfants de 6 à 59 mois dans le District Sanitaire Kabezi, Province Bujumbura au Burundi(UB, EANSI, 2025-05) Ndayikeje, Evelyne; Sous la direction de : Dr Emmanuel Banzubaze, PhDIntroduction: SAM in children aged 6 to 59 months is a major public health concern and a real obstacle to the country's development. The Kabezi Health District has a prevalence of 1.8% of SAM, which is the closest to the emergency threshold of 2% set by the WHO. These data require special attention and urgent action to combat this malnutrition. Our study aimed to identify the determinants of SAM in children aged 6 to 59 months in the Kabezi Health District with a view to improving its prevention. Methodology: A matched case-control study was conducted from November 1, 2024, to March 31, 2025, on a sample of 67 case pairs and 67 control pairs, each consisting of a child and their mother/guardian. The sampling of case pairs admitted into the study for MAS reasons in the months of November 1 and December 31, 2024, in line with the inclusion criteria and non-inclusion criteria, were enrolled. After analyzing the collected data, the variables whose p < 20% were retained in the multivariate analysis and only the variables whose p < 0.05 were confirmed as significantly associated with MAS in children aged 6 to 59 in the Kabezi Health District. Results : The results of our study showed us that the determinants significantly associated with the onset of SAM in children aged 6 to 59 months are: being raised by someone other than their mother (OR=12.99 95% CI = [1.46-1115.01]); the mother's education level (OR=4.06 95% CI = [1.58-10.41]); the number of people per household exceeding 5 (OR=4.471 95% CI = [1.82-10.93]); the number of children under 5 years per household (OR=5.36 95% CI = [1.31-21.82]); insufficient household income (OR=11.12 95% CI = [2.51-49.10]); late breastfeeding of the newborn (OR=4.62 95% CI = [1.83-11.64]); number of times the child ate yesterday (OR=2.662 95% CI = [1.11-6.35]); Dietary diversity (OR=4.78 95% CI = [1.29-17.76]) absence of decision-making in the household (OR=6.185 95% CI = [1.71-22.34]). The ROC curve indicated that the probability of the model predicting the occurrence of SAM is 90.15%. Conclusion : Our study identified the determinants of SAM that need to be addressed to prevent an increase in the SAM rate among children aged 6 to 59 months in the Kabezi Health District.Item Les élections démocratiques de 1993 et celles de 2005 au Burundi : essai d'analyse politique comparative(UB, FLSH, 2011-01) Gatore, Sandra; Sous la direction de : Gaspard NduwayoItem Evolution historique et action socio-économique De l'Eglise Pentecôtiste de Mugara (1940 à 2004)(UB, FLSH, 2006-02) Nsengiyumva, Nestor; Sous la direction du : Prof Emile MworohaItem La crise de 1972 et son impact sur le système Foncier : cas des communes Rumonge et Nyanza-Lac de 1972-2012(UB, FLSH, 2016-05) Nimbabazi, Eraste; Sous la direction de: Dr Jean - Marie NduwayoLa tragédie qui s'est produite le 29 avril 1972 en communes Rumonge et Nyanza - Lac en premier lieu et dans tout le pays après, a eu de néfastes conséquences dans le pays en général et dans lesdites communes en particulier. En effet, les communes Rumonge et Nyanza - Lac étaient le foyer de la rébellion de 1972. Lors de cette crise, les deux communes ont payé un lourd tribut. Suite à cette folie humaine, les répercussions de cette dernière étaient nombreuses notamment les pertes en vies humaines et matériels, le départ massif des populations de ces communes dans les pays limitrophes et les conflits fonciers observés en grande partie lors du rapatriement massif des exilés. Certes, il régnait un climat de méfiance entre résidents et rapatriés avec le retour massif des réfugiés. Mais au fur et à mesure que le temps passait, des séminaires et des ateliers ont été organisés afin de pouvoir préparer les esprit à la cohabitation pacifique. Enfin, les gouvernements qui se sont succédés au Burundi, ont IDIS en place des différentes commissions chargées de régler les conflits fonciers. Cependant, il manque encore des mécanismes d'accompagnement notamment la mise en place des fonds destinés à indemniser ceux qui seront expropriés.Item Effet d'adjuvants N-P sur la valeur fertilisante de la balle de riz(UB, FABI, 2014-08) Nimubona, Désiré; Sous la direction de : Salvator Kaboneka, PhDLa présente recherche avait pour but d'évaluer la valeur fertilisante de la balle de riz en utilisant une petite quantité d'engrais (DAP) devant déclencher sa décomposition rapide par la réduction de ses rapports C/N et C/P. Les travaux d'expérimentation réalisés en pots sur la culture test du maïs ont été installés à côté du Laboratoire d'Agrochimie de la Faculté d'Agronomie. Le dispositif expérimental était en randomisation totale avec 5 traitements répartis en 3 répétitions. Il s'agissait du traitement Sol seul (Tl) qui constituait le témoin et les 4 autres (T2, T3, T4, T5) amendés avec la balle de riz (1 T/ha) recevaient respectivement 0,27,54 et 81 kg de DAP /ha correspondant à 3 kg/pot de sol pour tous les traitements et à 1,5 g/pot de balle de riz amendés avec 0, 0,05, 0,11 et 0,16 g de DAP/pot. Trois récoltes ont été effectuées à intervalle de quatre semaines après le semis. Les variables hauteur des plants, biomasse sèche racinaire, biomasse sèche aérienne, biomasse sèche totale, ainsi que la biomasse cumulée ont fait l'objet de mesure et d'analyse statistique (ANOVA 1). Les résultats obtenus permettent de constater que: (i) A la première récolte, le traitement amendé avec de la balle de riz sans DAP s'est classé en dernière position avec une diminution de performances de croissance et de rendement par rapport au témoin de 2, 3 cm, 0,53 g et de 0,2 g par pot, respectivement pour la hauteur des plants, la biomasse sèche aérienne et la biomasse sèche totale. Exprimées en termes relatifs, ces réductions correspondent à -8,5, -17,8 et à - 4,7 % pour les trois variables ci-haut citées; (ii) A la deuxième récolte par contre, la balle de riz s'étant assez décomposée, des augmentations de croissance et de rendement du traitement balle sans DAP de 2,36 cm de hauteur; 0,7 g de biomasse sèche aérienne et 1,4 g de biomasse sèche totale ont été obtenues. Ces augmentations correspondent à + Il, +44,7 et + 64,7 % par rapport au traitement témoin; (iii) L'effet dose de DAP n'est pas été apparent à la troisième récolte par le fait que, d'une ~ manière générale, les engrais minéraux sont très solubles et sont utilisables assez rapidement en agissant dans un court délai. D'une manière générale, les résultats obtenus ont prouvé que la balle de riz complémentée avec du DAP peut être directement utilisée comme fumure organique. Cependant, pour pouvoir tirer des conclusions définitives, il est recommandé de mener des essais en champ, avec éventuellement de la balle préalablement compostée et complémentée.Item Diversité ichtyologique et niveau de contamination des matrices eau-sédiment-poisson par les effluents miniers des rivières Ulindi et Elila en Territoire de Mwenga, Est de la RD Congo(UB, ED, 2024-02) Mukabo Okito Gabriel, MScIn order to understand the impact of mining activities on the quality of the water, sediments and physiology of fish in the Ulindi and Elila rivers and some of their tributaries in the Mwenga Territory, a systematic inventory of fish with identification, The effect of intensive mining on the health of fish living in the upper basins of the Ulindi and Elila rivers was studied between June 2018 and March 2022 by comparing the reproductive, hepatic and gill systems of fish sampled at sites upstream and downstream of mining operations. Water, sediment and fish muscle samples were analysed for total mercury (T-Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Several indices (WQI, LPI, HPI, FC, LPI, IGEO, FBA) were calculated to assess the level of contamination of the water-sediment-fish. Histological changes in organs were studied at two different trophic levels using two fish species Oreochromis niloticus and Labeobarbus pellegreni for which a semi-quantitative assessment was carried out and the results were classified according to the severity of histological responses. The health risk associated with eating fish from these rivers was assessed. The results obtained show the taxonomic presence of 41 species of fish in the study area, divided into 5 orders, 10 families and 20 genera. The best represented orders are Siluriformes, Cypriniformes and Perciformes, with 15, 13 and 9 species respectively. The Cyprinidae family was the most diverse, followed by the Amphilidae, Clariidae and Mochokidae families with 5 species each. 10 species of fish were reported for the first time in this part of the Ulindi river basin. With regard to the distribution of fish, the Shannon and equitability indices indicate sparsely and evenly distributed populations. The distribution of species by station shows that there are links of similarity and/or a complex set of interrelationships between the different variables of several orders that describe the environment of the stations and the species present. In addition, from an ecotoxicological point of view, this study showed that the upper basins of the Ulindi and Elia rivers in the Mwenga territory in eastern DRC are indeed contaminated by mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium. The water at the various sampling sites contained levels of TMEs in excess of the thresholds recommended by the WHO and the EU for drinking water. The sediment analysis results showed low concentrations compared with the standards set by the WHO, EU and CCME for freshwater sediments. The study also showed that water contains more TMEs than sediments, while pelagic fish, Oreochromis niloticus, are more contaminated with Cd and Pb than benthic fish, L. pellegreni, which are more contaminated with mercury. And that the concentrations of TMEs found in the gonads and livers of two species of fish studied (Oreochromis niloticus and Labeobarbus pellegrini) were generally above the standards recommended by the WHO for consumption. Cd and Pb were most concentrated in all the organs analysed for both species and exceeded the 0.5 mg/kg limit recommended by the WHO/FAO, while the highest Ni values were found only in the gills and testes, with 0.08 and 0.06 mg/kg respectively. Mercury was most accumulated in the liver, ovaries and testes of L. pellegreni with respectively 0.30, 0.45 and 0.48 mg/kg exceeding the recommended limits for each of these organs. Histopathological results showed that L. pellegrini accumulated more Hg than O. niloticus. Exposure to mercury, a pollutant capable of disrupting reproduction with a high rate (70%) of prevalence of ovotestis in the male gonads in L. pelegrini. Finally, the results of the risk assessment linked to the consumption of polluted fish show that the daily exposure doses (DIE) obtained for each of the TMEs analysed in O. niloticus fish are all below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for both adults and children. And the hazard quotient calculated for each metallic element considered is less than 1, which indicates that there is no risk of toxic effects linked to the TDEs considered in relation to the consumption of O. niloticus fish from the study area in both adults (TDI = 0.199 < 1) and children (TDI = 0.498 < 1). Education and awareness of optimal levels of heavy metals in fish is crucial and this information must be made available to the public to ensure that nature and human health are not in conflict. To mitigate the impact of mining effluents on the Ulindi and Elila rivers, it is advisable to adopt sustainable mining waste management practices. These practices include pre-treatment of effluent to reduce contaminants before discharge into these rivers, regular monitoring of water and sediment quality, and ongoing ecotoxicological studies to assess the health and diversity of fish populations.Item Contribution à la valorisation énergétique des déchets organiques par co-digestion anaérobie : Cas des pulpes de café et des épluchures de pomme de terre(UB, FS, 2025-03) Nishimwe, Anicet; Sous la direction de : Prof. Aloys Katihabwa; Dr. Pierre Ntakiyiruta (Co-directeur)The excessive consumption of fossil fuels as a primary energy source has led to global climate change, pollution and environmental degradation, resulting in human health problems. In addition, waste, mainly from agriculture, the food industry and households, is increasingly produced due to population growth and industrialization. The dumping of this waste in uncontrolled dumps and landfills causes significant environmental impacts including greenhouse gas emissions, soil and water pollution.The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of organic waste (coffee pulp and potato peelings) by biomethanization. The biomethanization process was carried out in batch mode and different physicochemical parameters were measured before and after anaerobic digestion according to standard methods. This digestion was carried out in 4-liter digesters into which 2.5 kg of the Substrate/Inoculum mixture was introduced. For this purpose, 3 scenarios of the substrate-inoculum mixture including coffee pulps alone, potato peels alone and their mixture in the ratios 3/1, 1/1 and the control were carried out. The results show that the ratio 3/1 generates a high production of biogas for coffee pulps (49580ml of biogas with a methane composition of 67.9%). The mixture of coffee pulps - potato peels in the ratio 1/1 produced 44280 ml of biogas with a methane composition of 72.8% methane, while the potato peels, in the ratio 3/1, produced 26030 ml of biogas with a methane composition of 66.9%. It should also be noted that the coffee pulp-potato peelings mixture in its control report generated 23280ml with a methane composition of 67.8%. In terms of methane yield, the coffee pulp-potato peel mixture produced more methane than the other scenarios (67.8%, 77.57%, 72.8%) for the control, the S/I ratio 3/1 and the ratio 2/2, respectively. This significant production could be used by the population as energy for cooking and lighting.Item Préparation du charbon actif à base des produits locaux en vue d‟un traitement des eaux usées urbaines : Cas des rafles de maïs(UB, EANSI, 2025-04) Ndayikeza, Belyse; Sous la direction de : Dr Pierre NtakiyirutaSolid agricultural waste management requires special attention. Solid agricultural waste can be recovered through methods that contribute to sustainable management and waste reduction, such as composting, biodigestion, biomass energy, organic fertilizers, and activated carbon. However, the lack of adequate infrastructure and awareness of sustainable management practices limits its effective treatment. The objective of this study is to contribute to the valorization of vegetable waste, specifically corn cobs, into activated carbon through carbonization at 450°C, preceded by chemical impregnation using 40% phosphoric acid. The prepared activated carbon was used to treat wastewater from the R3 collector in the city of Bujumbura, located in the Asian district. The corn cobs, the prepared activated carbon, and the wastewater to be treated were characterized using standard methods. The influence of the adsorbent dose and agitation time on the effectiveness of the activated carbon in treating wastewater from the R3 collector was also monitored. The results obtained from the physico-chemical characterization of the corn cobs used to prepare the activated carbon are as follows: moisture content = 13.57%, dry matter = 86.3%, ash content = 6.505%, volatile organic matter = 79.63%, fixed carbon = 13.865%. The physico-chemical characteristics of the prepared activated carbon are: ash content = 3%, moisture content = 7.94%, pH = 6, iodine number = 1070.58 mg/g. The overall results obtained from the treatment of wastewater from the R3 collector show improved pollutant removal rates, notably for NO₃⁻ at 96.6%, NH₄⁺ at 75.75%, phosphates at 70.49%, and turbidity at 94.4%. These results were achieved under the following conditions: a mass of 1g of adsorbent for 100 ml of water and an agitation time of 3 hours.Item Impact de lactofermentation sur la qualité nutritionnelle et organoleptique des feuilles vertes de haricots(UB, EANSI, 2025-08) Ndagijimana, Nadine; Sous la direction de : Dr. Ir. Niyoyankana Bonaventure; Dr. Ntakiyiruta PierreFermentation, an ancestral method of food preservation, is widely used throughout the world, particularly in the form of lactofermentation. This process uses lactic acid bacteria that transform sugars into lactic acid, improving the preservation, nutritional value, digestibility, and organoleptic qualities of foods. Lactofermented vegetables, rich in probiotics, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, represent an attractive alternative, particularly for people with lactose intolerance. Green bean leaves, often neglected and prone to waste during periods of overproduction, could benefit from lactofermentation to extend their shelf life while improving their nutritional quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of lactofermentation on the nutritional (phenolic compounds, minerals, vitamin C) and sensory (color, odor, texture, taste) qualities of bean leaves. Qualitative analyses confirmed the presence of gallic and catechol tannins before and after fermentation, indicating that lactofermentation can modify their structure or concentration. Saponins and flavonoids were also detected. Physicochemical results show a significant decrease in pH (from 6.3 to 3.5), an increase in vitamin C (59%), and titratable acidity, indicating active lactic fermentation promoting preservation. The content of essential minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, magnesium) also increased, likely due to release through the enzymatic activity of lactic acid bacteria. Sensorially, lactofermentation improved the taste by reducing bitterness, slightly modified the color without affecting visual acceptability, and stabilized the odor without developing unpleasant aromas. The texture was slightly softened.Item Etude de la valeur nutritive des espèces de poisson du lac Tanganyika : cas de Limnotilapia dardennei et de Clarias gariepinus(UB, FABI, 2024-12) Nijimbere, Joselyne; Sous la direction de Pr. Dr. Ir. Jonathan NiyukuriFish is a food of high nutritional value, yet some endemic species of Lake Tanganyika, such as Limnotilapia dardennei and Clarias gariepinus, remain underconsumed due to their high cost and the lack of nutritional composition data. This study, conducted in Magara (Rumonge Province), aimed to analyze their physicochemical composition. A survey revealed that 92% of the population consumes these fish, mainly for taste (35%), eating habits (21%), and leisure (11%). However, consumption levels remain low: 0.85% for L. dardennei and 0.65% for C. gariepinus. Analyses were carried out in several laboratories, including the University of Burundi and the International Livestock Research Institute in Kenya. Results showed that L. dardennei had a higher water content (76.5% vs. 69.6%) and lipid concentration (13.6% vs. 9.5%). In terms of minerals, L. dardennei was richer in potassium (7205 ± 190.54 mg/kg) and iron (97.90–102.30 mg/kg), while C. gariepinus contained higher levels of magnesium (1,296 ± 97.24 mg/kg) and sodium (2,602 ± 102.93 mg/kg). Low concentrations of lead were detected (max. 8.06 ± 0.233 mg/kg). Regarding fatty acids, both species contained beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids: L. dardennei showed 18 ± 0.41 of omega-3 and 13.88 ± 0.85 of omega-6, while C. gariepinus presented 25.42 ± 0.54 and 15.15 ± 0.38, respectively. This study highlights local food preferences and nutritional differences between the two species, emphasizing the importance of regular nutritional quality assessments of fish resources to prevent dietary deficiencies in the region.Item Etude de potentiel méthanogène des boues de la station d’épuration de buterere(UB, FS, 2025-03) Ndayahoze, Gréad; Sous la direction de : Dr. Pierre NtakiyirutaIn the BUTERERE area there is a treatment plant that treats wastewater which, after treatment, leaves sludge made up of organic matter such as primary sludge; facultative sludge. The management of this sludge presents a serious environmental problem. It is with this in mind that a research study was conducted with a view to valorizing this sludge as renewable energy. Thus, samples of sludge among these different types of considered were taken into account for this research. Three Scenarios were considered taking into account the following ratios of proportions: The first scenario concerns primary sludge associated with its inoculum in the ratios (S/I) of 2/1, 3/1 and 4/1 and the control; the second scenario concerns facultative sludge associated with its inoculum in the same ratios of (S/I) 2/1, 3/1 and 4/1 and the control and finally the third scenario concerns primary sludge in reaction with facultative sludge in the same ratios of 2/1, 3/1 and 4/1 and control. The samples were collected from September 6th to October 31st, 2024 for the 1st scenario, followed by the 2nd scenario which started on October 19th until November 16th, 2024 and finally the 3rd Scenario started December 24th until January 18th, 2024. Thus, the physicochemical characteristics of the sludge and their methanogenic potential were evaluated, then the biogas production was optimized. The monitoring of the digesters lasted 25 days. The results of this study show that primary sludge in reaction with its inoculum presents a volume of biogas whose methane composition is 67.52%. The quantitative energy estimates are 393.26KW/t/year. On the other hand, in the case of mixing primary sludge associated with facultative sludge, quantitative energy estimates were 387.70KW/t/year, i.e. a percentile methane composition of 69.09%. In addition, the yield of primary sludge mixed with its inoculum produced a yield of 67.52% of methane production with an energy of 393.26KW/t/year. The volume of biogas obtained for the mixture of primary sludge and facultative sludge was 14860ml while for primary sludge mixed with inoculum is 15490ml. The best results are observed for digesters with a substrate/inoculum ratio (S/I) of 3/1 and 4/1 for (BP+I) and (BP+BF) respectively. Thus, the amount of biogas produced is (15490 ml) for primary sludge mixed with the inoculum from the BUTERERE wastewater treatment plant and had a methane percentage composition of 67.52%. In addition, a biogas quantity of 14860 ml for (BP+BF) without inoculum was produced. This is done to see the influence of facultative sludge in case of mixing with primary sludge and had a methane percentage composition of 69.09%, which are sufficient for electricity production.Item Les déterminants du niveau de satisfaction de la commercialisation des insectes comestibles au Burundi(UB, EANSI, 2025-08) Manirutingabo, Eric; Sous la direction de : Prof. Dr. Ir. Jean Ndimubandi; Co-directeur : Msc. Jean Marie NshimirimanaThe data collected during this study reveal that the marketing of edible insects (ICs) is well integrated in the commune of Gitega where the study was conducted. This marketing habit is practiced in the same way by nearly 38% of men and even 62% of women of all ages and levels of education. Its cultural importance and the major role played by women in this sector - the main actors and beneficiaries of the income generated by the ICs trade, were also highlighted. The different families including the 13 species of ICs identified in Burundi were studied to better characterize the insects sold and preferred by consumers. An analysis of the determinants of the level of satisfaction with the marketing of ICs was also carried out to better identify the level of satisfaction with the marketing of ICs and their integration at the national level in general and at the regional level in particular for sellers and consumers of ICs. The data come from a survey conducted among IC sellers and consumers in January and February 2025. The documentation and exploratory phases allowed us to define the objectives, the problem, and the hypotheses, and to identify determinants related to the level of satisfaction with IC marketing. The impact of IC marketing and the Value Chain (VC) was first studied using various tests: Univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis (chi-square test), binary logistic regression, and multiple logistic regression. The results of this study also highlight the contribution of entomophagy to reducing food insecurity in Burundi, its social implications (contribution to poverty reduction and women's empowerment) in light of the significant income generated by IC marketing, and the remaining needs for a better characterization of the species consumed in the political capital of the country.Item Relation entre la malnutrition chronique et le paludisme chez les enfants de 12 à 59 mois dans le district sanitaire Mpanda, au Burundi(UB, EANSI, 2025-07) Bunyange, Camélie; Sous la direction de : Dr. Ir. Paterne Nahimana, PhDIntroduction: Mpanda health district is a highly malaria-endemic area, with a high prevalence of chronic malnutrition estimated at 60.2%. Although some studies have suggested an interaction between stunting and malaria occurrence, results remain conflicting. This study aims to analyze the relationship between these two pathologies in children aged 12 to 59 months in this district. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 368 mother-child pairs, selected by random sampling. A structured questionnaire was administered, supplemented by anthropometric measurements and a thick blood smear examination in the children. ENA software was used to assess height-for-age (H/A) ratio, while statistical analysis was performed with Stata 15.1, assuming a significance level of 5%. Two logistic regression models were constructed, one for chronic malnutrition and the other for malaria. The validity of the models was tested using ROC curves. Results: The prevalence of chronic malnutrition was 49.7%, and the incidence of malaria was estimated at 4 per 100 people/week. The main factors associated with an increased risk of malaria where chronic malnutrition (aOR = 20.3; 95% CI: 2.19-188.9), a history of moderate acute malnutrition (aOR = 12.6; 95% CI: 2.27-70.39), and maternal age ≥ 35 years (aOR = 11.2; 95% CI: 1.49-84.4). Concerning chronic malnutrition, the identified risk factors were malaria parasitemia (aOR = 5.58; 95% CI: 1.36-22.87), the child's age between 12 and 23 months (aOR = 3.50; 95% CI: 1.49-8.17), male sex (aOR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.30-3.80), and the consumption of only one meal per day (aOR = 6.07; 95% CI: 2.26-16.28). Several factors were associated with a reduction in the risk of chronic malnutrition such as a diversified diet [ORa = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.22-0.77], maternal age ≥ 35 years [aOR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.19-0.76], maternal secondary education [aOR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.17-0.84], ownership of large livestock [aOR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.21-0.91] and access to a drinking water source [aOR=0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.26]. Conclusion: Chronic malnutrition and malaria make a vicious circle in which they reinforce each other and some nutritionals, sociodemographic and environmental factors are associated to their prevalence among children aged 12-59 months in Mpanda health districtItem Programme de réhabilitation combinant physiothérapie et massage thérapeutique sur la récupération fonctionnelle des sujets victimes d’Accident Vasculaire Cérébral(UB, IEPS, 2025-07) Ntiranyibagira, Désiré; Sous la Direction de: Dr. Japhet Ndayisenga, M.Or, Ph.DThe present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program combining physiotherapy and therapeutic massage on the functional recovery of patients who suffered a Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident, CVA) in Burundi, receiving treatment either at the LANA Neurology Clinic or at the Prince Louis Rwagasore Clinic. This is a quasi-experimental study adopting a mixed-method approach that integrates both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The study population consisted of individuals who had experienced a stroke. The sample included 20 post-stroke patients admitted to the “LANA” Neurology Clinic in Bujumbura and the Prince Louis Rwagasore Clinic, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through a field experiment conducted in the two aforementioned clinics, by applying a treatment program that combined physiotherapy and massage therapy over a period of 12 weeks, with three sessions per week. Data analysis involved normality test, paired-samples T-test, and descriptive statistics, using SPSS software version 23. The results revealed a significant improvement in the strength of both upper and lower limbs with a P-value [P = 0.000 < 0.05], restoration of walking time with a p-value [p = 0.000 < 0.05], a significant increase in the walking distance with a P-value [P = 0.000 < 0.05], as well as a remarkable improvement in motor abilities and cognitive functions. In summary, the combined program of physiotherapy and massage therapy plays an important role in enhancing biomotor and cognitive capacities in post-stroke patients.Item Les Dynamiques sécuritaires et paix à l‟Est de la RDC (1960-2023)(UB, FSPJ, 2025-06) Batumike Banyanga, Eric; Sous la direction de : Professeur Joseph GahamaThis dissertation focuses on „Security dynamics and peace in eastern DRC (1960-2023)’. The study first attempts to explain some of the colonial and post-colonial security antecedents. This first chapter analyzes the facts relating to colonial security policy in the eastern part of the Belgian Congo and in Ruanda-Urundi. This colonial security policy paved the way for the conflicts that were to have an impact on the colonial and post-colonial security crisis, which continued until the 1990s. Secondly, this work explains the configuration of identity-based armed groups in eastern Congo. These armed groups are taking advantage of the fact that the public authorities are struggling to take real possession of the territory to impose their authority. Thirdly, this study attempts a critical analysis of the activism of foreign armed groups in the east of the DRC. These movements complicate the disengagement of national armed groups dedicated to protecting their territory. Even so, this activism allows certain neighboring states to legitimize their military interventions on Congolese soil. Fourthly, the final chapter of this scientific work looks at national and international peace-building mechanisms. This section refers to the efforts made to resolve the security crisis through peaceful means, as well as the constraints imposed by a number of military operations against all the armed groups.Item Le droit à la liberté de croyance et la prolifération des confessions religieuses au Burundi : Période de 1992 à 2024(UB, FSPJ, 2025-03) Nitonde, Dieudonné; Sous la direction de : Docteur Pascal RwankaraThe religious phenomenon has always been anchored in the range of rights and freedoms that every human being must enjoy, in compliance with the laws and regulations established by the public authorities of each state throughout the world. In Burundi, the right to freedom of belief is fully recognized; this is evidenced by the existence of religious institutions, whose proliferation is currently on a considerable scale. Thus, this study, which is offered for the reader's consideration, aims to understand the regulatory aspects of this situation and the control it poses by public authorities. In an effort to narrow down the relevant elements of the analysis undertaken, this thesis first highlights the general aspects surrounding the religious phenomenon. Next, an attempt at a critical assessment of the legal framework for religious freedom is provided, providing an overview of the main international and national legal instruments relevant to this study. Finally, the thesis highlights the observation that the existence of religious legal institutions constitutes a sufficient guarantee that freedom of belief is respected, while their excessive proliferation raises questions about the appropriateness of their restructuring through a process of regulation and control of their activities.Item Analyse des déterminants de la pauvreté et des inégalités des ménages au Burundi(UB, FSEA, 2025-08) Mugabekazi, Sancta Maria; Sous la direction de : Pr. Gilbert NiyongaboIn Burundi, the fight against poverty is at the heart of the authorities' concerns and deserves everyone's particular attention. Using data from various priority surveys (Integrated Survey on Living Conditions of Households in Burundi) carried out throughout the country, this study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the determinants of poverty and household inequality in Burundi. The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that determine the poverty of Burundian households. To achieve this, two types of analysis were carried out: Firstly, a descriptive analysis was used to characterize households according to their poverty status and to identify all the factors likely to explain poverty within households. Secondly, an econometric analysis was used using STATA 17 software to determine the factors deemed to determine household poverty and to assess the real impact of these determinants on household poverty levels. At the end of the various analyses, the results showed that poor households would be those with the following characteristics: households living in rural areas, large households, and households not receiving transfers, households with elderly heads, households with uneducated heads, and households with male heads. The results also show that, at national level, poverty stands at 43.7%, with differences according to the area of residence and the gender of the head of household. Furthermore, the characterization of households according to their degree of poverty shows differentiated profiles. In terms of econometric analysis, the results show that household size, household access to education, geographic location of the household, socio-economic group of the head of household, age of the head of household, and level of education of the head of household were consistently found throughout the study to be the main factors determining poverty and favoring the chances of the household being poor or not. These results implies that poverty reduction strategies can’t be based on a single instrument, nor can they focus on a single area, but must use a range of measures affecting its different dimensionsItem Etude de l’effet écosystémique sur les composants antioxydants et l’activité antioxydante du miel produit dans les régions écoclimatiques du Burundi(UB, EANSI, 2025-06) Hakizimana, Alice; Sous la direction de : Pr. Dr. Ir Niyukuri Jonathan, PhDThis study concerns the evaluation of physicochemical parameters and antioxidant activity of honey from different eco-climatic regions of Burundi in relation to environmental factors. The objective of this study is to determine the nutritional quality and antioxidant richness of honey according to the ecosystems and regions of Burundi. Twenty samples of honey collected from ecosystems of four eco-climatic regions are analyzed for their phenolic compound content and tested for their antioxidant activity. Total polyphenol contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid contents by the aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) method and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP assays. For the analysis of physicochemical parameters, different methods were used. Honey samples from different ecosystems of four eco-climatic regions showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The honey samples from the Imbo plain ecoclimatic-region (RECPI) have a higher ash content ranging between 1.06 and 1.6%. The highest content in free acidity was recorded in the honey samples from the Central Plateaux eco-climatic region (RECPC) with 52 and 58 meq/Kg. For flavonoids, the highest content is recorded in honey samples from RECPI with 11.13±1.42a mg EQ/kg and the lowest in honeys from the Congo Nile Ridge eco-climatic region (RECCCN) with 4.14±1.18c mg EQ/kg. For polyphenols, the highest content is recorded in honey samples from RECPC with 86.91±12.03a mg EAG/kg and the lowest in honey samples from RECCCN with 46.84±3.70c mg EAG/kg. For the DPPH test, the highest inhibition percentage is recorded in honey samples from RECPI with 51.80±6.25a % and the lowest in honey simples from RECCCN with 37.03±4.73b %. For the FRAP test, the highest content was recorded in honey samples from the Mumirwa eco-climatic region (RECM) with 43.62±3.96a EAG/100g of honey and the lowest content was recorded in honey samples from RECCCN with 27.73±3.90b mg EAG/100g of honey. The results obtained show that the composition of honey, including the antioxidant content, varies depending on the floral origin (ecosystem status) and geographical origin. The contents found in samples honey from the RECPC and RECPI do not show a statistically significant difference (p˃0.05). However, significant difference (p<0.05) is observed in the results obtained for RECCCN honey compared to other regions.Item Autonomisation des femmes et malnutrition aiguë sévère chez les enfants de 6 à 59 mois de district sanitaire de Buye au nord du Burundi(UB, EANSI, 2025-08) Hakizimana, Désiré; Sous la direction de : Pr. Dr. Ir. Niyongabo Aloys; Co-directeur Dr. Jean Claude NkurunzizaIntroduction : Severe acute malnutrition is a major global and Burundian public health crisis, accounting for one-fifth of childhood deaths. In the Buye health district, 5% of children under five suffer from acute malnutrition, including 2.3% with severe forms, exceeding the WHO acceptable threshold of 2%. Few studies in Burundi have examined the impact of women’s empowerment on child nutrition, despite the importance of addressing social inequalities in interventions. Methodology : A case-control study was conducted in Buye health district involving 120 mother-child pairs (children aged 6–59 months), including 40 cases of severe acute malnutrition and 80 controls, randomly selected based on inclusion and matching criteria. Data were collected through a KoboCollect questionnaire and analyzed using Stata 15.1 (α = 5%). Variables with p < 0.20 in bivariate analysis were included in the final model, and those with p < 0.05 were considered significant. The model’s reliability was confirmed by the ROC curve. Results: Factors associated with severe acute malnutrition included maternal employment (OR=0.008; 95% CI [0.00–0.13]; p=0.001), severe household food insecurity (OR=30.56; 95% CI [2.05–454.6]; p=0.01), participation in socio-cultural events (OR=0.02; 95% CI [0.00–0.23]; p=0.002), husband’s decision to seek children healthcare (OR=24.61; 95% CI [1.32–457.8]; p=0.03), husband’s unilateral decision on harvest use (OR=0.11; 95% CI [0.01–0.85]; p=0.03), woman’s income-generating activities (OR=0.21; 95% CI [0.01–0.71]; p=0.02), and woman’s decision on the daily composition of meal (OR=0.10; 95% CI [0.01–0.71]; p=0.02). Conclusion : The study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to strengthen women’s empowerment to improve child nutrition by promoting their employment, household food security, and community engagement, while considering family decision-making dynamics.