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Evolution de la culture du riz à Bubanza : de la fin de l’époque coloniale au début de la deuxième république (1955-1975)
(UB, FLSH, 2025-06) Mbanzabugabo, Boris Landry; Sous la direction de : Prof. Christine Deslaurier
This dissertation is part of rural history in Burundi, a country that experienced German occupation followed by Belgian colonization at the end of the First World War. Prior to this, the economy was essentially based on agriculture, and bartering – the exchange of goods without the intermediary of money – predominated. But contact with Western civilization eventually led to the introduction of new crops to combat famine and enable the monetarization of rural areas.
It is with this backdrop that we examine the history of rice-growing in the province of Bubanza, in north-western Burundi, and its evolution from the end of the Belgian colonial era to the beginning of the Second Republic.
Colonial Burundi was plagued by countless famines, so the colonial administration, driven by a desire to integrate colonized territories into a market economy, sought to modernize agriculture by introducing seasonal and export crops such as coffee, tea, cotton and rice.
Although the cultivation of rice began in Burundi in the second half of the 19th century around Nyanza-lac and Rumonge, on the border with Lake Tanganyika, thanks to the contribution of Arab- Muslim contacts, it was in fact under Belgian tutelage that it was popularized in other parts of the country, particularly in Bubanza. As part of the development of the Imbo plain planned in the early 1950s by the ambitious “Ten-Year Plan for the Economic and Social Development of Ruanda- Urundi” (« Plan décennal pour le développement économique et social du Ruanda-Urundi »), the tutelary administration was significantly involved in rice cultivation, notably through “paysannats”, or the study of rice varieties to be cultivated within Inéac. The post-independence Burundian State continued these efforts by creating other research centers (Isabu) and launching projects within the framework of the Imbo Regional Development Company (SRDI) in the 1970s. These efforts to enhance rice growing, improve techniques, undertake soil studies and select the most productive varieties will be analyzed.
Evaluation de l’impact de la montée du lac Tanganyika par la détermination de l’indice de la qualité de ses eaux de surface : Cas de la zone de captage de la REGIDESO
(UB: FSE, 2026-03) Nshimirimana, Jean Pierre; Sous la direction de : Dr Nkurunziza Rémy Marie
Lake Tanganyika has long experienced fluctuations in its surface water levels (Bergonzini et al., 2002 and IGEBU, 2024). As these waters are essential to the life of any ecosystem, maintaining their quality is a major concern for a society that must meet its diverse water needs (Talhaoui et al., 2020).
To contribute to monitoring this water quality, we conducted a study assessing the impact of the 2024 rise in Lake Tanganyika's water level by determining the Water Quality Index (WQI) of its surface waters in the REGIDESO catchment area. Twenty-five physicochemical parameters, including heavy metals, were analyzed, and fourteen were selected for calculating the WQI. Samples were collected in June, August, and October 2025 at site 1 (upstream) and site 2 (downstream). Water analysis showed thermal stability within acceptable limits, with temperatures ranging from 27.62 to 29 °C, but this was offset by a concerning alkalinity: the pH, varying from 8.79 to 9, consistently exceeded the standard of 8.5, creating a basic environment likely to disrupt biological balance. This high alkalinity is closely linked to exceptional mineralization, as evidenced by the electrical conductivity (609 and 653 μS/cm), more than double the standard of 300 μS/cm (WHO, 2022). Although the TDS levels remained below the threshold of 500 mg/L, their intensity confirmed a significant presence of salts. Ionic analysis revealed that this mineralization was driven by HCO3- concentrations of 270 mg/L, exceeding the standard of 120 mg/L (WHO, 2022). The potassium (K+) content showed extreme values between 86 and 91 mg/l, thirty times the standard, suggesting a direct impact from upstream agricultural or industrial discharges. As for the organic load, an indicator of organic pollution, the results presented a striking contrast. Although the organic matter (OD) remained satisfactory above 6 mg/l, the BOD5 frequently exceeded the standard by 5 mg/l, peaking at 9.74 mg/l, and this excess indicates significant organic pollution. This can also be explained by the very low transparency of the lake waters (1.20 m at site S1 and 4.50 m at site S2) compared to that of Dubois (1958), where it reached 20 m. The interpretation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) confirms a clear correlation between the sites from June to October. The waters of S2, with a WQI ranging from 42 to 48, exhibited good quality (Class II), despite slight degradation, while those of S1, with a WQI ranging from 58 to 64, displayed average quality (Class III). This assessment reveals a complex dynamic where natural characteristics and significant anthropogenic influences intertwine; Hence the need for regular scientific monitoring following fluctuations in the surface water levels of Lake Tanganyika.
Analyse de la flore et la végétation de la zone nickélifère de Waga en Commune Nyarusange Province Gitega, son importance pour la population locale et l’évolution de l’occupation du sol
(UB: FSE, 2024-05) Nduwimana, Jean Marie Vianney; Sous la direction de : Dr. Bararunyeretse Prudence
The strong disturbance of landscapes is considered one of the main factors in the loss of plant biodiversity. This regression of plant cover is linked to anthropogenic activities, increasing climate variability and climate changes which lead to significant degradation of ecosystems. The decline in resources has also had an impact on the ecosystem services that biodiversity provides to local populations, including harvesting services for food, energy, construction, medicine, crafts and ornament. Vegetation plays a very important role in maintaining ecological balance. Man, because of galloping demographics, continues to endanger the relic ecosystems of ancient vegetation, particularly through the overexploitation of natural resources to cure diseases, for food, energy, clothing and the construction of houses. This study contributes to the knowledge of the floristic and plant diversity of the Waga nickel zone, its importance for humans and the spatio-temporal evolution of this zone.
Phytosociological survey methods using transect subdivided into quadrats were used. In total, 80 quadrats of 20 x 10 m each were installed in the Waga nickel zone. A survey was carried out using random sampling to assess the importance of vegetation to the local population. The floristic inventory revealed 276 species distributed in 196 genera and 66 families. The families most represented at the specific level are Poaceae (26%), Asteraceae (24%), Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae (11%). The biological forms of plants from the Waga nickel zone have almost similar raw spectra. Phanerophytes represent 36.96%, followed by Chamephytes (22.46%), Telophytes (18.84%), Hemicryptophytes (13.77%) and Geophytes (7.97%).
Taking into account phytogeographic territories, species with a wide regional distribution are the most dominant, i.e. 37.65% of species, followed by species with a wide distribution (32.94%), African species (22.75%) and linkage species (6.67%). This predominance of species with regional distribution confirms the situation of Burundi at the crossroads of several phytogeographic regions. These species are dominated by species from the Sudano-Zambezian region with 29.02% of species, followed by mountain species (8.63%).
Considering the distribution of ZNW species into higher taxa, dicotyledonous angiosperms are the most represented (76.45%).
As for the evaluation of the importance of vegetation for the local population, material uses were the most reported, followed by medicinal uses, energy, food, fodder, and cultural. We must advocate the popularization of native species reported to be important for the restoration of the Waga nickel zone.
Key words: nickel-bearing zone, plant diversity, biological traits, importance for the local population, ecological restoration.
Volatile compounds in Ikivunde and Inyange, two Burundian cassava products
(African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security ISSN: 2375-1177 Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-007,, 2023-01) Nzigamasabo, Aloys
The formation of volatile compounds in cassava roots, in non-fermented flour, in Ikivunde and in Inyange was investigate. Aldehydes flavor compounds were numerous in dried Ikivunde than in other cassava products. Nonfermented cassava flour had numerous acids, followed by dried Inyange, and then dried Ikivunde. Undried Inyange had numerous esters than any other cassava products, however, many of these esters are not found in dried Inyange. 1,3-butanediol, 2-butanol, acetone, 2-butanone and acetic acid were relatively more abundant than other components in fresh cassava. 2-3 butanediol, benzeneethanol, nonanal, hexanal, acetoin and acetic acid wereabundant in non-fermented cassava flour. 2butanol, 1-hexanol, ethanol, hexanal, 2-butanone and acetic acid predominated in Ikivunde after fermentation.1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, ethanol, nonanal, hexanal, decanal, octanal, 2- octenal and acetic acid dominate in Ikivunde after drying. The major compounds in Inyange after fermentation were 3-methyl-1-butanol, L-linalool, benzeneethanol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, acetoin, 2-methoxy ethyl acetate, methyl isovalerate, methyl-3- methyl-2-butanoate, p-menth-8-en-1-ol acetate, isopropyl tiglate, p-menth-1-en-8-olacetate and acetic acid. In dried Inyange, 2,3-butanediol, benzeneethanol, nonanal, hexanal, acetoin and acetic acid were the major volatile compounds. The results indicated that processing cassava roots by soaking, heap fermentation and drying gave cassava products with different flavor compounds. This was due to different microorganisms present in their processing.
Problématique de l' approche systémique dans la prise en charge des psychotiques au Centre Neuropsychiatrique de Kamenge
(UB : FPSE, 2017-01) Nzambimana, Innocent; Sous la direction de : Pr Paul Nkunzimana
Les problèmes fonciers et d'héritage, les problèmes de religion et d' appartenace politique, le manque de confiance dans le mariage, les problèmes liés à l'éducation des enfants, les deuils non dépassés, etc. sont fréquents dans les fàmilles burundaises. Il est évident que ces problèmes soient sources de malentendus et perturbent les relations sociales de membres de la famille. Le risque est alors de rencontrer dans ce genre de famille, un malade psychotique délégué, victime du dysfonctionnement de son système familial. Tous ces problèmes confinent donc les membres de la famille dans une pathologie dont il leur sera difficile de se débarraser. Pour ce genre de pathologie, les thérapeutes du CNPK utilisent les approches variées dont l'approche systémique qui fait appel à une intervention interactive des thérapeutes et les membres de la famille du patient.
Dans notre travail centré sur la «problématique de l'approche systémique dans la prise en charge des psychotiques au CNPK », nous avons utilisé la méthode qualitative et la technique de l'enquête par l'entrettien semi-directif comme technique de recherche. L'éude a montré que les difficultés techniques dues au manque du persOlmel en quantité et en qualité suffisantes constituent des écueils pour une meilleure prise en charge systémique des psychotiques. Nous avons aussi remarqué que le manque des moyens matériels et financiers rend inefficace la prise en charge des psychotiques par une approche systémique. L'étude suggère le recrutement et la formation des thérapeutes, l' accéssibilité des soins psychiatriques et la sensibilisation-information du public sur la santé mentale.
En définitive, après avoir cerné les difficultés techniques liées à l'approche systémique, les difficultés matérielles et les perspectives pour une meilleure prise en charge systémique des psychotques, nous pouvons conclure que notre objectif général de recherche a été atteint.